Butterfly (option strategy)
Butterfly (option strategy)
A butterfly spread (often simply called a "butterfly") is a neutral options strategy that aims to profit from limited price movement in the underlying asset. It’s a non-directional strategy, meaning it doesn’t rely on a strong bullish or bearish outlook. Instead, it profits when the price of the underlying asset remains close to a specific strike price at expiration. As a crypto futures expert, I often see traders utilizing butterflies when expecting consolidation after a volatile period.
Overview
The butterfly spread involves four options contracts with three different strike prices. All options have the same expiration date. It’s constructed using either all call options or all put options. The strategy's maximum profit is achieved when the price of the underlying asset equals the middle strike price at expiration.
Construction
There are two main types of butterfly spreads:
- Call Butterfly Spread:
This involves buying one call option with a low strike price (K1), selling two call options with a middle strike price (K2), and buying one call option with a high strike price (K3). Crucially, K2 is equidistant from K1 and K3 – that is, K2 - K1 = K3 - K2.
- Put Butterfly Spread:
This involves buying one put option with a high strike price (K3), selling two put options with a middle strike price (K2), and buying one put option with a low strike price (K1). Again, K2 is equidistant from K1 and K3.
Example
Let's illustrate with a call butterfly spread using Bitcoin (BTC) futures:
Assume BTC is trading at $60,000. A trader believes BTC will remain near this price by expiration.
- Buy 1 BTC call option with a strike price of $58,000.
- Sell 2 BTC call options with a strike price of $60,000.
- Buy 1 BTC call option with a strike price of $62,000.
All options expire on the same date.
Profit and Loss
The profit/loss profile of a butterfly spread is shaped like a butterfly, hence the name.
- Maximum Profit: Achieved when the price of the underlying asset equals the middle strike price (K2) at expiration. This profit is limited to the difference between the middle strike and the lower strike price, minus the net premium paid. In our example, maximum profit would be ($60,000 - $58,000) - Net Premium Paid = $2,000 - Net Premium Paid.
- Maximum Loss: Limited to the net premium paid for establishing the spread. This occurs when the price of the underlying asset is either below the lowest strike price (K1) or above the highest strike price (K3) at expiration. This is a key advantage – defined risk.
- Breakeven Points: There are two breakeven points:
* Lower Breakeven: K1 + Net Premium Paid * Upper Breakeven: K3 - Net Premium Paid
Payoff Diagram
(A payoff diagram would ideally be included here, but we are restricted from using images.)
| Underlying Price at Expiration | Payoff |
|---|---|
| Below K1 | -Net Premium Paid |
| At K1 | -Net Premium Paid + Premium Received |
| At K2 | Maximum Profit |
| At K3 | -Net Premium Paid + Premium Received |
| Above K3 | -Net Premium Paid |
Why use a Butterfly Spread?
- Limited Risk: The maximum loss is known and defined upfront, making it a relatively safe strategy.
- Low Cost: Butterflies are often cheaper to establish than other neutral strategies like a straddle or strangle.
- Profit from Stability: Ideal when you believe an asset will trade within a narrow range. This can be based on technical analysis, like identifying support and resistance levels, or volume analysis, showing decreasing volatility.
- Time Decay (Theta): Benefits from time decay, as the value of the options erodes as expiration approaches, particularly if the price remains near the middle strike.
Risks
- Limited Profit: The potential profit is capped.
- Commissions: The four legs of the trade incur commissions, which can reduce profitability.
- Assignment Risk: If the short options are in the money at expiration, the trader may be assigned, requiring them to buy or sell the underlying asset.
- Volatility Risk: While designed for low volatility, a sudden, large price move can quickly lead to maximum loss. Monitoring implied volatility is crucial.
Variations
- Iron Butterfly: Combines a short call spread and a short put spread with the same strike prices. It's a credit spread, meaning you receive a net premium upfront.
- Broken Wing Butterfly: Uses different distances between the strike prices, creating an asymmetrical payoff profile. This is a more advanced variation.
When to Use
Consider using a butterfly spread when:
- You expect low volatility in the underlying asset.
- You have a specific price target in mind.
- You want to limit your risk.
- You are neutral on the direction of the market.
- You are analyzing chart patterns indicating consolidation, such as a rectangle pattern.
- You’ve identified key support and resistance levels.
- You are utilizing Fibonacci retracement levels and anticipate a bounce within a specific range.
- You observe a decrease in Average True Range (ATR).
- You analyze On-Balance Volume (OBV) and see no significant accumulation or distribution.
- You are employing Elliott Wave Theory and anticipate a sideways correction.
- You’re using Bollinger Bands and the price is trading within the bands.
- You observe a moving average convergence divergence (MACD) crossover indicating indecision.
- You are analyzing a Relative Strength Index (RSI) reading that suggests the asset is neither overbought nor oversold.
- You've analyzed candlestick patterns suggesting indecision, such as a doji.
- You are using Ichimoku Cloud and the price is within the cloud, indicating a neutral trend.
- You’ve performed correlation analysis and found a weak correlation with other assets, suggesting independent price action.
Conclusion
The butterfly spread is a versatile options trading strategy suitable for traders with a neutral outlook. Understanding its construction, profit/loss profile, and risks is crucial for successful implementation. Remember to always manage your risk and consider your individual investment objectives.
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